(1976) In: Gaden EL Jr et al. This article discusses the testing of the catalytic activity of a novel silica catalyst synthesized by an evaporation-induced self-assembly method (EISA) for cellulose conversion to glucose by catalytic selective hydrolysis. BERC IIT Delhi, New Delhi, p 233. The two modes of converting the carbohydrate components into their constituent sugars are enzymatic hydrolysis and acid hydrolysis. Interscience, New York, Bunton CA et al. (1972) J Appl Poly Sci 16:2583, Andren RK et al. Water can then be added at low temperatures to dilute the solution, providing conditions to form glucose. Salicylic acid is one of the main chemicals needed to synthesise aspirin. The former has been reviewed in the preceding chapter [38,39, 81 ]. Cellulose I isolated from several sources was subjected to acid hydrolysis by hydrochloric acid, 2.5 M HCl (aq) at 100 °C for up to 17 h with reflux [6, 25, 26]. process applied resulted in ca. Interscience, New York, p 125, Millett MA et al. 20% (m/m) of puri ed cellulose (ca. (1961) J Poly Sci 51:85, Millett MA et al. Acid hydrolysis performed on cellulose I rich fibres can serve as one illustration of the relationship between cellulose supramolecular structure and reactivity. EXPERIMENT Glycogen Is Hydrolysed To Glucose By Boiling In The Presence Of Acid. (eds) Biotechnol Bioeng Symp, no 6. The pH was adjusted using acetic acid. Wiley, New York, p 991, Sharples A (1957) Trans Faraday Soc 53:1003, Shinouda HG, Moteleb MMA (1979) J Poly Sci Polymer Chemistry Edition 17:3329, Szejtli J (1975) Säurehydrolyse glycosidischer Bindungen. A treatment with 5% NaOH for 1 h at 40 °C and autoclave at 121 °C for 30 min increased 171% of cellulose content and decreased 65.9% of hemicellulose content (Oberoi et al. 4) Could the purity of cellulose be estimated using the same method, acid hydrolysis, as used to estimate the purity of glycogen during practical 5? Glucose, the principal sugar pro duced, could then be quite readily fermented to ethanol. The activation energies estimated from Arrhenius equation are 39.60 KJ/mole, 38.83 KJ/mole, 44.37 KJ/mole and 34.29 KJ/mole for banana skin, cowpea shells, maize stalks and rice husk cellulose, respectively. Cellulolysis is essentially the hydrolysis of cellulose. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. These A-l 10:867, Rowland SP, Roberts EJ (1974) ibid. The reactivities are discussed in terms of the obtained cellulose accessibilities. | purity of the original glycogen can be estimated. Could the purity of cellulose be estimated using the same Tokyo, p 188, Kusakabe IT et al. Several studies have been made on cellulose hydrolysis using purified raw materials especially commercial cellulose, but very few studies using The intensity of colour produced is measured in a Keywords: Acid-hydrolysis; Arrhenius equation; First-order kinetics; Glucose; Wood cellulose. 2) The energy consumption would be minimized since much of the liquid is removed before each of the hydrolysis steps. PEER-REVIEWED ARTICLE bioresources.com Tang et al. Somogyi-Nelson method. in Energy Production Conservation”, Gatlinburg, Tennessee, Kobayashi T et al. Interscience, New York, Goldstein IS (1981) Organic chemicals from biomass. BERC IIT Delhi, New Delhi, p 279, Bose JL et al. (2011). (1971) Agr Biol Chem 35:111, Grethlein HE (1978) Biotechnol Bioeng 20:503, Grethlein HE (1978) J Appl Chem Biotechnol 28:296, Halliwell G (1977) In: Ghose TK (ed) Proc Bioconv Symp. y = 0.0017 x + 0.121 Now, sample. (eds) Biotechnol Bioeng Symp, no 6. The yields of all CNFs remained at 72−88% after pretreatments with different carboxylic acid-based DESs. The glucose that is liberated can then be estimated using the Somogyi-Nelson method. As the main component of lignocelluloses, cellulose is a biopolymer consisting of many glucose units connected through β-1,4-glycosidic bonds. Wegner TH et al. This value suggests the ease with which hydrolysis can occur between the four agricultural wastes cellulose. Cellulase C1184 from Aspergillus niger (Sigma-Aldrich, UK) which catalyzes the hydrolysis of endo-1,4-β-D-glycosidic linkages in cellulose was used in the hydrolysis of the BC. This method is defined in the book of Rowell, R.M. appropriate purity from the fermentation broth by a combination of distillation and . (1979) Biotechnol Bioeng 21:1031, Schultz GV, Lohmann HJ (1941) J Prakt Chem 157:238, Sharples A (1971) In: Bikales NM, Segal L (eds) Presented at Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives, vol 5, pt 5. Acid hydrolysis The procedure for acid hydrolysis of lignocellulose was followed from the authors’ previous study (Endo et al. carbon site of cellulose were estimated in the regions of δ 64.2 ppm to 66.0 ppm, 61.7 ppm to 64.2 ppm, and 59.1 ppm to 61.7 ppm, respectively. Adsorption studies were conducted using cellulose samples generated with various amounts of phosphoric acid and thus displaying intermediate degrees of crystallinity . (1976) Appl Poly Symp 28:205, Bao Y et al. The process produces three main fractions—a high purity lignin, a hemicellulosic syrup containing C5 and C6 sugars, and a relatively pure cellulose fraction. Obtained cellulose was labeled as cellulose B. Adsorption experiments were carried out at 4 °C to prevent the hydrolysis of cellulose and the resulting loss of adsorbent material that would ultimately bias the results. It involved the use of dilute acid to hydrolyze the cellulose to glucose, and was able to produce 7.6 liters of ethanol per 100 kg of wood waste (18 US gal (68 L) per ton). 85.214.142.179. @JASEM Keywords: Agricultural wastes; cellulose; acid hydrolysis; first … BERCIIT Delhi, New Delhi, p 373, Vaux WG (1975) AIChE Meeting, Los Angeles, California, Nov. 16–20, Wadhera IL, Manley RStJ (1965) J Appl Poly Sci 9:2627. The results indicated that acid can accelerate hydrolysis reaction of corn straw into reducing sugar with ionic liquids as solvent, and microwave irradiation was more efficient in pretreatment of corn straw than conventional heating. (1977) ACS Symp Ser 48:42, Bose A, Tsao GT (1980) Bioconv Biochem Eng, vol 1. Part of Springer Nature. (1980) In: Fiechter A (ed) Adv Biochem Eng, vol 14. D. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin, Michie RIC et al. Introduction Introduction. However, the interest t… However, progress in acid hydrolysis is being achieved, e.g., using solid acid catalysts (Huang and Fu, 2013, Kim et al., 2010). Under free market conditions they have not as yet been able to compete with sugars from specific crops (cane and beets) or from hydrolysis … The TFA hydrolysis does not hydrolyse cellulose, so any Glucose measured in this analysis can be subtracted from that measured using the sulphuric acid hydrolysis and then you have an … This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips. Cellulose was extracted from rice husk (RH) using an integrated delignification process using alkaline treatment and acid hydrolysis (concentrated HNO… (1951) Macromol Chem 6:25, Hermans PH, Weidinger A (1949) J Poly Sci 4:317, Hermans PH, Weidinger A (1951) ibid. (1981) In: Fiechter A (ed) Adv Biochem Eng, vol 20. Glycogen is hydrolysed to glucose by boiling in the presence of acid. (eds) Presented at Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives, Interscience, New York, p 99, McIntyre D, Long FA (1954) J Am Chem Soc 76:3240, McKeown JJ, Lyness WI (1960) J Poly Sci 47:9, McKibbin SSW (1958) Ph. (1977) In: Ghose TK (ed) Proc Bioconv Symp. Pulping Method 3 De-waxed sago biomass (8% w/v in water) was treated with 90% formic acid (w/v) and 4% hydrogen peroxide (w/v) solutions and heated at 80 C for 2 h The crude cellulose was bleached using The glucose that is liberated can then be estimated using the (1976) Carbohydrate Res 51:39, Nelson ML, Conrad CM (1948) J Text Res 18:149, Nelson ML, Tripp VW (1953) J Poly Sci 10:557, Nesse N et al. Cellulose was extracted from rice husk (RH) using an integrated delignification process using alkaline treatment and acid hydrolysis (concentrated HNO… Both acid-catalyzed and enzymatic hydrolyses were therefore performed in this study. As shown in Fig. View desktop site. The two modes of converting the carbohydrate components into their constituent sugars are enzymatic hydrolysis and acid hydrolysis. Terms The best results were obtained by treating the cellulose with IL and using phosphotungstic acid (0.067 mol/L) as a catalyst at 413 K. Under these conditions, the conversion of cellulose was almost complete (> 99 %), with a glucose yield of 87 % after only 5 h of reaction. (1979) Cell Chem Technol 13:543, Heidt LJ, Purves CB (1944) J Am Chem Soc 66:1385, Hermans PH et al. Acid hydrolysis includes both concentrated acid hydrolysis and dilute acid hydrolysis. (1977) Biotechnol Bioeng 19:323, Nevell TP, Upton WR (1976) Carbohydrate Res 49:163, Nickerson RF, Habrle JA (1947) Ind Eng Chem 39:1507, Okamura SJ (1942) J Soc Chem Ind (Japan) 45:1104, Ott E, Spurlin HM (1954) Cellulose and cellulose derivatives. (1980) J Appl Poly Sci 25:263, Barth HG, Regnier FE (1980) J Chromatogr 192:275, Barker RH, Vail SL (1967) J Text Res 37:1077, Battista OA et al. 36:561, Reese ET (1976) In: Gaden EL Jr et al. Hydrolysis of cellulose by crude enzyme followed a model that also considered noncompetitive inhibition (as in Equation (4)). 1069 EFFECTS OF DILUTE ACID HYDROLYSIS ON COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF CELLULOSE IN EULALIOPSIS BINATA Jiebin Tang,a Kefu Chen,a Jun Xu,a,* Jun Li,a and Chuanshan Zhao b Dilute sulfuric acid hydrolysis was … Interscience, New York, p 125, Roseveare WE et al. (1930) ibid. The dilute acid hydrolysis of cellulose is typi cally pictured as addition of a hydrogen ion to form a conjugated acid, leading to cleavage of a glycosidic bond as a water molecule is added The activation energy estimated from Arrhenius equation was found to be 6.75 kJ/mole. (1955) J Chem Soc (London) 4419, Caulfield DF, Steffes RA (1969) TAPPI 52:1361, Chang M et al. (1982) In: Fiechter A (ed) Adv Biochem Eng, vol 23. I is the ethanol plus cellobiose concentration and K iu is an (uncompetitive) inhibition constant. Concentrated single-stage hydrolysis with sulfuric acid, and concentrated hydrolysis by liquid or vapor EXPERIMENT. Cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) are prepared via mechanical disintegration using high shear forces and potentially in combination with either chemical or enzymatic pre-treatment to reduce energy consumption. 65B:484, Gaden EL Jr et al. 1. The cellulose hydrolysis by hydrochloric acid 1.0 M was showed at figure 2a. This article presents the development of a method to prepare nanocrystalline cellulose (NCCs) from laser-printed waste paper using factorial design 2 3 experiments by controlled acid hydrolysis of the waste paper. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) are commonly prepared via an acid hydrolysis of pure cellulose mostly using inorganic acids. The present chapter covers the latter with the focus on mechanism and kinetics of acid hydrolysis. (1960) Bull Agri Chem Soc (Japan) 24:443, Kobayashi T (1952) Presented at the Wood Saccharification Discussion Committee, no 1, p 27, Kobayashi T, Sakai Y (1957) In: Asai T (ed) Koboriyokogyo. The bleached sample (S-3) was subjected to hydrolysis using 1 M 1-ethyl 3-methyleimidazolium chloride, [EMIM] + Cl − (S-4) and 1 M sulfuric acid, H 2 SO 4 (S-5) using ultrasonication for 35 min, where the power was kept constant at 90 W at temperature 90 o C. At this stage, 1 g of bleached sample was (S-3) was mixed with 20 mL of hydrolyzing medium. acid used in the hydrolysis step. 68:2070, Freudenberg K, Kuhn W (1932) ibid. CRC Press, Florida, Goto K et al. The number- and weight-averaged molecular weights of the lower DP fraction are … (1983) Biotechnol Bioeng 25:33, Lee YH et al (1980) In: Fiechter A (ed) Adv Biochem Eng, vol 17. In this method, cupriethylenediamine and sodium hydroxide are used, and complete solubility of cellulose indicates purity level. Concentrated acid hydrolysis was first reported in 1883. ... cellulose hydrolysis. (1971) Environ Sci Technol 5:545, Fagerstam L et al. The carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZy) database organizes glycoside hydrolases (including cellulases) on the basis of their sequence If you recall from Lesson 5 (see Figure 5.16), in the low and high pH conditions, hydrolysis is a reaction that takes place with water, with the acid or base providing H+ or OH- … (1969) J Text Res 39:530, Rowland SP, Roberts EJ (1972) J Poly Sci A-l 10:2447, Rowland SP, Roberts EJ (1972) ibid. The process used in this hydrolysis was acid hydrolysis in which HCL acid was used at constant temperature of 80oC and the saw-dust used [was obtained by grinding wood with saw] was … 1. Hydrolysis of lignocelluloses by concentrated sulfuric or hydrochloric acids is a relatively old process. Methyl acetate is used as solvent for the production of coating materials, nitro-cellulose, cellu- 1. The dilute acid hydrolysis of cellulose is typi cally pictured as addition of a hydrogen ion to . Braconnot in 1819 first discovered that cellulose can be converted to fermentable sugar by concentrated acids (Sherrard and Kressman 1945). Five gram (5 g) BC was incubated for 12 h with 2 mg/ml cellulase enzyme at 37°C. Therefore, batch and fed-batch methods are used for the static production of BNC through bioreactors. (1972) J Text Res 42:217, Roberts RS et al. Breakage of the β-1,4-glycosidic bonds by acids leads to the hydrolysis of cellulose polymers, resulting in the sugar molecule glucose or oligosaccharides. Here the glycogen is converted to glucose by acid hydrloysis and by the absorbance method the concentration of glucose is determined. Interscience, New York, p 9, Richards GN (1955) Chem Inds (London) p 228, Rinaudo M et al. (2005). organic acid could function as a cellulose hydrolysis catalyst. The major drop in oil barrel price from US$ 107.26 in 2014 to US$ 29.64 in 2016 has negatively impacted the biofuel industry with two major companies in the field filing for bankruptcy (Lavoie, 2016). Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, p 15, Chang M et al. Hydrolysis of lignocelluloses by concentrated sulfuric or hydrochloric acids is a relatively old process. (1971) J Poly Sci A-1 9:1623, Rowland SP et al. acid hydrolysis are temperature, acid concentration (or pH), total solid fraction (TS) and time duration (Grohmann, et al., 1995; Talebnia et al., 2008). “Dilute acid hydrolysis of a grass,” BioResources 6(2), 1069-1078. Acid Hydrolysis of Cellulose. Besides, much more of the sulfonic groups arise at the increased temperature of the acid hydrolysis (Fig. 3) The resulting sugar solutions would be more concentrated. Processes for the conversion of cellulose to glucose by acid hydrolysis have reached commercial production, but only under special circumstances. Academic Press, New York, Whalley E (1959) Trans Faraday Soc 55:798, Wilke CR (ed) (1975) Biotechnol Bioeng Symp, no 5. The yields of all CNFs remained at 72−88% after pretreatments with different carboxylic acid-based DESs. (1948) J Text Res 18:114, Rowland SP et al. Then, by hydrolysis and oxidation he converted salicylaldehyde into an acid of crystallised needles which he named salicylic acid (see below) [2]. hydrolysis of the glycogen, is heated with an alkaline solution of To show the glucose oligomer in the filtrate which could be hydrolysed more effectively than crystalline cellulose and the cellulose in the raw corncob, corresponding amount of commercial cellulose (0.038 g) and corncob (0.103 g) containing the same amount of glucose as the soluble glucose oligomers (0.038 g) in the filtrate were applied to enzymatic hydrolysis for comparison. 1c, the presences of these peaks confirmed that the crystalline structure of cellulose Iβ was still maintained after cellulose extraction and the following sulfuric acid hydrolysis, APS oxidation or TEMPO oxidation for CNCs extraction. Interestingly, the characteristic peak for (1–10) plane of cellulose II could not be observed at 2θ = 12.5°. 1. Handbook … The reason for the easier hydrolysis could be related to the nanoscale structure of the substrate, particularly the packing of cellulose microfibrils into ribbons or bundles. You can use the method of alpha cellulose by using 17.5% NaOH and 8.3%NaOH. Cellulose is an unbranched or linear polysaccharide consists of beta linked D … Mineral acids, such as HCl and H 2 SO 4, have been used in the hydrolysis of cellulose. pp 121-148 | 2017). method, acid hydrolysis, as used to estimate the purity of glycogen During the last two decades, there has been tremendous interest in biofuels, as a result of ever-increasing worldwide energy demand and over-dependence on oil (Lee and Lavoie, 2013). Biogas from anaerobic digestion (AD) of cellulose is becoming more competitive due to the fact that the annual cellulose production is approximately 1.8 × 10 11 tons (t) estimated from plants (Sundarraj and Ranganathan, 2018), thus cellulose is an important source of biomass energy. See graph- regression eq. The puri ed cellulose was subject to acid hydrolysis for nanocrystal extraction with two testing times, 30 and 60 minutes. In this method, cupriethylenediamine and sodium hydroxide are used, and complete solubility of cellulose indicates purity level. (1971) J Appl Poly Sci 15:2999, Browning BL (1967) Methods of wood chemistry. Glucose monosaccharides act as raw materials for the catalytic and biotechnological production of chemical and monomers such as methanol, ethanol, lactic acid (LA), sorbitol, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were extracted from α-cellulose extracted from EFB using an acid hydrolysis process with a concentration of acid used was 64% w/v … Hydrolysis of cellulose by purified Cel7A showed competitive inhibition by both cellobiose and ethanol. (1980) Chem Eng Prog Sept. Freudenberg K et al. Unable to display preview. Using our cellulose and whole wood data, and assuming that lignin δ 18 O values are 2‰ depleted relative to whole wood, the difference between cellulose and lignin δ 18 O values could be as much as 10–12‰. (1977) In: Ghose TK (ed) Proc Intern Symp Bioconv Cellulosic substances into chemicals, Energy and Microbial Protein. Concentrated acid disrupts the hydrogen bonding in the cellulose chain converting it to an amorphous state. Question: Could The Purity Of Cellulose Be Estimated Using The Same Method, Acid Hydrolysis, As Used To Estimate The Purity Of Glycogen During Practical 5? 50:T238, Fagan RD et al. Privacy Interscience, New York, p 101, Planes RL (1978) Cell Chem Technol 12:355, Rånby BG, Marchessault RH (1956) ibid. Acid hydrolysis includes both concentrated acid hydrolysis and dilute acid hydrolysis. (9) Could the purity of cellulose be estimated using the same method, acid hydrolysis, as used to estimate the purity of glycogen during practical 5? One such method is catalytic hydrolysis of cellulose using solid acid catalysts. (1926) J Text Inst 17:1457, Blackwell J et al. Not logged in Approximately 3 mL of 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 solution was (1972) Agronomy J 64:675, Lee SB et al. Braconnot in 1819 first discovered that cellulose can be converted to fermentable sugar by concentrated acids (Sherrard and Kressman 1945). However, salicylic acid was tough on the lining of the stomach so scientists had to find a way to ‘buffer’ the compound. during practical 5? cellulose would result in high yields and high-purity products. These values suggests the ease with which hydrolysis can occur between the four agricultural wastes cellulose. Xylose produced by acid-hydrolysis of xylan was dehydrated to furfural according to the putative mechanism from FT-IR and HPLC results (Step 1). Methyl acetate synthesis by esterification of acetic acid with methanol and the backward reaction, the hydrolysis of methyl acetate, have been considered as model reac-tions for reactive distillation [1]and simulated moving bed (SMB) reactor [2]. According to other reports, NaOH treatment to rice straw resulted in multiple cellulose and hemicellulose content by treatment process. This service is more advanced with JavaScript available, Cellulose Hydrolysis The kinetic parameters of the concentrated acid hydrolysis for both C5 and C6 could be estimated using least-square minimization. Could The Purity Of Cellulose Be Estimated Using The Same Method, Acid Hydrolysis, As Used To Estimate The Purity Of Glycogen During The Practical (no More Than 100 Words; Use Key Words) EXPERIMENT: Methods I: Hydrolysis Of Glycogen 3. Then, they are used for polymer production. © 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Hydrolysis products are fractionated by precipitation to yield two types of cellulose oligomers with different average degrees of polymerization (DP). The glucose is then transformed to platform chemicals such as 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural and levulinic acid (Bozell and Petersen, 2010, Ragauskas et al., 2006).The main issue in this conversion is the extremely low reactivity of cellulose, stemming from its complex and rigid … Cellulosic materials consist of three major components, namely, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Concentrated acid hydrolysis was first reported in 1883. This was followed by glucose analysis, some analysis or experiments were done on acid hydrolysis in order to study the effect of (HCL) acid on the hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose. The purity of formed cellulose can be estimated using the cellulose solubility test method. Cellulases catalyze hydrolysis of the β-1,4 glycosidic bond in cellulose and are widely applied in both biorefineries and other areas including textile, laundry and paper industries [1, 2]. 37 As for the produced furfural, it could generate 2-furancarboxylic acid via oxidation of O˙ (Step 2), followed by oxidation to 2(5 H)-furanone via H 2 O 2 or 2OH˙ (Step 3). VEB, Leipzig, Thompson DR, Grethlein HE (1979) Ind Eng Chem Prod Res Dev 18:166, Toyama N et al. Two optimization problems were set up for the reaction paths of C5 and C6, where the objective function was given as follows. This is a preview of subscription content, Achwal WB, Nabar GM (1960) J Text Res 30:872, Akhmetov KA (1975) Izo Akad Nauk Uzb SSR Ser Takn Nauk 19:78, Alexander WJ, Mitchell RL (1949) Anal Chem 21:1497, Almin KE et al. Further more, it is essential that any such treatment be unbiased with respect to the two methods - chemical and biochemical - for the breakdown of cellulose to sugars. BERC IIT Delhi, New Delhi, p 81, Hammett LP, Paul MA (1934) J Am Chem Soc 56:830, Harris EE, Kline AJ (1949) J Phys Colloid Chem 53:344, Hebeish A et al. Download preview PDF. (1974) ibid. 1. A-l 12:2099, Rozmarin Gh (1977) Cell Chem Technol 11:523, Sabbagh NK, Fagerson IS (1976) J Chromatogr 120:55, Sakai Y (1965) Bull Chem Soc (Japan) 38:863, Sasaki T et al. Yes, acid hydrolysis could be used to estimate the purity of cellulose. (1975) J Ferment Technol 53:135, Kusama J (1979) Chemical Economy & Engineering Review 11 (16): 32, Lecttenberg VL et al. The Glucose That Is Liberated Can Then Be Estimated Using The Somogyi-Nelson Method. (1981) Presented at “3rd Symposium on Biotechnol. A-l 12:445, Rowland SP et al. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, p 101, Fan LT et al. The principle of concentrated acid hydrolysis is that crystalline cellulose can be completely dissolved in 72% sulfuric acid or 42% hydrochloric acid or 77–83% phosphoric acid at a lower temperature, resulting in the homogeneous hydrolysis of cellulose. Therefore, ... and long retention time for the production of nanocellulose using the acid hydrolysis process. Liang-tseng Fan, Mahendra Moreshwar Gharpuray, Yong-Hyun Lee. The glucose, which is liberated on (1980) Biotechnol Bioeng 22:1449, Knappert D et al. 6:533, Immergut EA, Rånby BG (1956) Ind Eng Chem 48:1183, Isbell HS, Frush HL (1940) J Res Natl Bur Standards 24:125, Jellinek HHG (1944) Trans Faraday Soc 40:266, Knappert D et al. BERC IIT Delhi, New Delhi, Fan LT et al. (no more than 100 words; use key words) (1 mark) Expert Answer Biomass fibres in the form of wheat straw pulp were hydrolysed more selectively to glucose than a model component, microcrystalline cellulose, using formic acid. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, p 158, Fan LT et al. Concentrated single-stage hydrolysis with sulfuric acid, and concentrated hydrolysis by liquid or vapor Glycogen is hydrolysed to glucose by boiling in the presence of The mechanisms of the two types of reaction differ significantly. The acid hydrolysis using 12 mol/L sulfuric acid followed by acid hydrolysis using approximately 0.41 mol/L sulfuric acid was used as the reference for the lignin and sugar analysis. Several studies have been made on cellulose hydrolysis using purified raw materials ... 98% purity) used for hydrolysis and Diethyl ether used for the removal of lignin and extractives which are